Colonial Times :: American America History

Provincial Times The provincial time frame was A period of much change, just like the cutting edge time frame. Numerous individuals saw things diversely in the pioneer time frame than they do today. The individuals of the frontier time frame had substantially more conventional qualities than the individuals of today. The individuals of the pilgrim time frame thought of religion significantly more harshly than I do. John Winthrop had faith in a harsh God. John Winthrop states, Presently if the Lord will please to hear us, and acquire us harmony to the spot we want, at that point hath he confirmed this Covenant and fixed our Commission, [and] will expect a severe exhibition of the Articles contained in it (43). He accepts that God demonstrations totally as he wishes, with no idea for man. Samuel Sewall utilized religion to help him when he required assistance. In his journal, Samuell Sewall composes, ...My Son, the priest, came to me p.m. by arrangement and we supplicate one for another in the Old Chamber; all the more particularly regarding my Courtship(63). Sewall possibly acted strict when it was helpful for him. I for one trust in a God significantly more mindful than that Winthrop had confidence in. I additionally accept that God is consistently near, not exactly when I need him. Various indiv iduals have a wide range of strict convictions. Since forever, perspectives on adoration have changed. Anne Bradstreet esteemed love as a solid sentimental bond. In Bradstreet's sonnet, To My Dear and Loving Husband she expresses, I prize thy love more than entire mines of gold, Or all the ritches that Earth doth hold(51). In this selection, Bradstreet is addressing her Husband. John Winthrop saw love as a strict bond between all men. He expresses, Love is the obligation of flawlessness (39). Winthrop gives not many references to sentimental love. I for one consider love something that individuals feel for one another in light of the fact that they are the two individuals. I accept there is a component of affection between all individuals. Love is seen contrastingly by various individuals, however these convictions have little to do with what timespan these individuals lived in. It creates the impression that as time passes by, individuals see marriage all the more impractically, and less financially. Samuell Sewell saw marriage as an approach to progress fiscally. In his journal he expresses, I said 'twould expense L100. per annum: she said twould expense yet L40(63). This is only one case of him cautiously figuring the expenses of marriage.

Absent parenting Essay Example

Missing child rearing Essay Missing child rearing has lead to the broad communications child rearing the young people of our general public. Media has assumed a significant job in people’s lives for quite a while. Society is affected by T. V. , radio, papers, alongside numerous different things that cause the impact to spread out to our general public, particularly to the adolescent. With innovation being what it is today, the media has various approaches to impact us at an a lot snappier rate. While it’s important to have the introduction to learn and pick up information on today’s sees, it’s likewise important to have a premise to control or limit pointless data to keep away from pollution of the brains of our more youthful ages. Broad communications makes teenagers act in rough manners and have forceful practices. A ton of media sources, for example, recordings games and TV have forceful attributes. Computer games, for example, Call of Duty and TV programs, for example, The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are one of numerous media impacts that sway our childhood in a negative manner. This kind of media highlights sexual practices, sensible viciousness, and all around awkward symbolism and has been around since the beginning of broadcasting. Assessments communicated by the media influence everybody. Youngsters probably won't have the option to channel what is supposition and what is an established truth. Kevin D Browne and Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis talks about in their article, The impact of fierce media on kids and youths: a general wellbeing approach,â€Å"In the USA a normal of 20â€25 rough acts are appeared in children’s TV programs every hour, with a normal of three to five savage acts during prime-time TV seeing. High presentation to TV has been thought to probably prompt high introduction to TV savagery. A huge affiliation was accounted for between the measure of time spent sitting in front of the TV during youthfulness and early adulthood (with going with plausible presentation to brutality) and the probability of ensuing withdrawn conduct, for example, undermining animosity, ambush or physical battles bringing about injury, and burglary. We will compose a custom article test on Absent child rearing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Absent child rearing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Absent child rearing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This affiliation stayed critical in the wake of controlling for past animosity, youth disregard, family salary, neighborhood brutality, parental training, and mental issue, in spite of the fact that paces of real viciousness viewed were not estimated. The subsequent US concentrate with an accomplice of 557 kids, additionally gave longitudinal proof, yet the specialists searched explicitly for a connection between children’s introduction to TV savagery and forceful conduct in youthful adulthood. Youngsters matured 6 to 9 years in late 1977 were followed up 15 years after the fact. Auxiliary condition displaying indicated that youth introduction to media viciousness was prescient of forceful conduct in early adulthood in the two people, in any event, while controlling for financial status, IQ, and different child rearing variables (eg, parental survey propensities and forceful conduct). Recognizable proof with forceful TV characters and saw authenticity of TV brutality likewise anticipated later aggression† (Browne, Hamilton-Giachritsis). In examination some of society’s response to this could be that children can deal with watching these shows or playing these games without being impacted by them, media won't impact them in any capacity. The contention isn’t that all kids will become degenerate in light of media, however legitimately, kids do will in general threaten others, fortunate or unfortunate. A few shows are even to unseemly for grown-ups to watch on occasion. It nearly comes to address who a portion of this media was made to engage? On occasion this inquiry could be somewhat muddled. Another issue with the media and youths is the friend weight of turning out to be explicitly dynamic prior. Numerous guardians accept that on the off chance that you don’t converse with your children about sex, they won’t become explicitly dynamic, that’s false. That’s why it’s significant that guardians are available to clarify what is good and bad to reflect off of in the public eye. On the off chance that kids aren’t taught about sex from their folks, at that point they will gain increasingly about it either from T. V. , peers, the web, and so forth. Today it’s somewhat elusive anything in media without some type of sex associated with the idea. It causes it to appear to be typical for those more youthful to take part in sexual relations. Regardless of whether it’s being depicted just like the activity or an insubordinate demonstration, it interests youngsters. Youths look to the media as a hotspot for data on sexuality and relations. Well known T. V. shows, for example, Jersey Shore or Teen Mom and magazines, for example, Seventeen are a couple in numerous media impacts that depict sex as one of the initial steps of growing up. It isn’t difficult for a kid to turn on the T. V. or on the other hand press a unintentional advertisement on the web to get a snappy top at an explicitly scene, its safe to state that sexuality and brutality are anything but difficult to get to these days. The media is a regular piece of our youth’s lives. Albeit some attempt to keep away from the media, it isn’t extremely conceivable to do as such as the media comes in various structures. Laura M. Woodworker states in her article â€Å"Mass media assumes a significant job in transmitting social situations for sexuality. Media pictures commonly mirror the predominant qualities and practices of the social orders where they are made and, thusly help duplicate those qualities and behaviors† (Carpenter). Interestingly another contention could be that youths are turning out to be all the more explicitly dynamic as a result of different things, not the media. Not every person is impact by what they see, yet a few activities are effortlessly taken a gander at and venerated to the point that individuals threaten those activities, for example, an attire or hairdo. At the end of the day, â€Å"Everybody’s doing it. † The main awful thing about adverse impacts is that they just appear to show you the positive qualities in yours activities, however never prefer to share the terrible things that could occur; awful things, for example, going to prison for whipping someone else, or coming down with a destructive malady or getting pregnant from engaging in sexual relations. That’s why it’s significant for the guardians to advise the youngster on what is the good and bad activities, since then they can mention to them what joins the activities they decide to make. To oblige the other polluting impacts that broad communications sees is likewise the view on body symbolism. It’s normal for both kid and young ladies to act naturally cognizant about their bodies. This starts at an early age with activity figures being very much fabricated â€Å"hero† types and dolls for young ladies having immaculate hour glass outlines. They see all the delightful bodies on society’s â€Å"perfect† men and lady in magazines and on TV and accept these are attributes somebody would need to do so as to be considered â€Å"good looking. †Ã¢ Jennifer L. Derrene talks about in her article how â€Å"The current media culture is muddled and befuddling. Ladies are informed that they can and ought to â€Å"have it all. † They anticipate family, vocation, and home to be great, and Martha Stewart reveals to them how to do it. The media immerses them with blended messages about what is hot, making it hard to pick a good example. The heroin chic starving stray made famous by Kate Moss in the mid 1990s contends with the shapely Baywatch angel embodied by Pamela Anderson and the athletic soccer stars who praised a World Cup triumph by detaching their shirts. Despite the fact that it is profoundly far-fetched for a rail-slender lady to have regular DD-cup size bosoms, toy producers set this desire by creating and showcasing the Barbie doll, whose estimations are physiologically unthinkable. Fortunately, Barbie’s architects redid her figure back in the late 1990s. Be that as it may, with expanded accessibility of plastic medical procedure, today’s ladies are confronted with likewise ridiculous desires each time they open a design magazine† (Derenne). Dietary issues are one genuine case of the impact the media could have on our childhood. Derrene likewise notes â€Å"Although less men meet standards for anorexia and bulimia than do ladies, more men are getting worried about shape and weight. While a portion of the signs are like the confused eating found in ladies, there are some significant contrasts as well† (Derenne). It isn’t remarkable to utilize individuals that are appeared on TV, motion pictures or on the Internet as good examples or â€Å"heroes† and fixate on their pictures. Despite the fact that others may contend it’s the friends they are encircled by that sway the pictures and disappointments kids have on their own bodies. Its actual companions do will in general domineering jerk the â€Å"nerdy† or â€Å"chubby† kid yet kids realize what â€Å"good looking† and â€Å"cool† is from the media that they’re presented to. Companion weight can prompt experimentation with medications and liquor, sex, and so on. As talked about before media is a major piece of our youth’s regular daily existences and it’s hard to not be sway by the pictures that are seen today. That’s why it’s significant for guardians to guarantee that all relatives are getting a solid supper, guardians have the chance to find out about children’s school life, and the family can conceptualize together when issues emerge. Another issue with media is the contention that has been talked about for an extremely prolonged stretch of time, and that is the manner by which fantasies give our childhood

Spreading the word

Spreading the word Yesterday, new father Ben and I did a presentation on blogging for the annual conference of the New England Association for College Admission Counseling (NEACAC), hosted by Bostons Northeastern University. Hundreds of guidance counselors and admissions officers from across the northeast arrive for the NEACAC conference. In the first session of the conference, Ben, Marilee I attended a talk entitled Lowering the Flame on Admissions, presented by Amherst College Dean of Admissions Tom Parker and Milton Academy Director of College Counseling Rod Skinner. Ive seen both of them present before on other topics, so I knew to expect good things. The topic of this session was stress and the college admissions process. Rod Skinner (left) and Tom Parker (right) discuss stress and college admissions. Parker did a nice rundown of developments over the past few decades that have produced the current admissions frenzy. They included: The advent of need blind admissions. While most of the highly selective universities are now need blind, that wasnt always the case. Need blind admissions have allowed more students to have a chance of admission at top colleges. The emergence of the national student. There are currently more students from California at MIT than from any other state, and more students from India than from Vermont, but in the past, most colleges drew from a mostly regional pool of students. Now students from across the country and across the world routinely apply to the best colleges, regardless of distance from home. Search. The Student Search Service allows colleges to purchase the names of thousands of high school students based on academic and demographic criteria. This allowed colleges to reach out to students in larger numbers, in some cases bordering on marketing. The lessening of cozy relationships between admissions officers and private school counselors. While relationships between colleges and private high schools still exist, the admissions arrangements of yesteryear are long gone, allowing more fair play in the overall admissions process. Rankings. US News World Report published its first set of college rankings in 1983, and the rest, as they say, is history. Commercialization. Theres now an entire industry around college admissions: absurdly well paid counselors-for-hire, books, magazines, test prep Skinners half of the presentation was a little less structured but more emotional. He talked about seeing the stress in high school, both related to and not related to college admissions. He also discussed how the quest for perfection (in an attempt to please college admissions offices) has led to competition and anguish. While some students believe that if they do all the right things to get into the right colleges, they will be happy, in the process neglecting their own happiness and sanity. Then, Skinner provided a nice quotation from the Dali Lama: There is no way to happiness; happinessis the way. At this point, Ben and I headed off to get ready for our presentation. We had a nicely sized crowd, largely admissions officers with a handful of other interested parties. We were happy to see that the crowd was lively and engaged. Our hope in presenting our experiences with blogging is to get more admissions officers and admissions offices involved with the blog movement, in an effort to demystify and (hopefully) de-stress the college admissions process. An action shot: me talking about Mitras blog. Ben talks about the history and evolution of blogs. To hammer home the point of how blogs can be used to build a community, we talked at length about you, our readers (hi!), and closed the presentation with the group photo from the CPW Blog Party: Thanks to you for contributiing the the community that these blogs have formed. After the presentation, Ben I got some good feedback. It sounds like more colleges will be launching blogs over the next year, and Im looking forward to that! Also, earlier today, another admissions officer left a nice comment in Bens blog: I just want to compliment you and Matt for the exceptional session about blogging at the NEACAC conference yesterday. I didnt get a chance to thank you in person so here it is, thank you. My colleague and I were in awe at how exceptionally knowledgeable you and Matt are on this particular aspect of admission. I have been keeping an online journal for many years as well, but never thought that the idea could be applicable to admission. You guys are pioneers! Thanks to all who attended; you were a great audience. We will be presenting again at the conference of the National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC) this September in Tampa. See you there!

Video Games The Decade Of Decadence - 1116 Words

The 1980s were also known as the decade of decadence. Technology that had been introduced in the 1980s was not any different. Although most of the major technology began in the 1970s, the 1980s improved on the technology and made it more affordable and available for mass consumer consumption. The 1980s was truly the beginning of the personal electronic device revolution, making everything from computers to music and video games more available for personal use. Video games were around long before the 1980s. Programmers had been making video games for arcades as far back as the early 1960s (Kent 65). The late 1970s, however, brought video games into the home with gaming consoles. Nonetheless, these consoles remained quiet until a small†¦show more content†¦The system went on to sell out at almost all locations. The success of the NES System has been attributed to its impressive graphics and the speed and game control that the Nintendo developers had created. By 1991 more tha n 33 millions homes had an NES system (Kent 73). Nintendo lead the way in the home gaming console industry paving the way for such companies as Sony and Microsoft, which dominate the video game industry today. However, video games were not the only technology that made the leap to personal use. Computer technology was well in the works before the 1980s, yet, it was in the 1980s that the leap to home computing was made and thus launched the careers of two of the most famous men in the computing industry, Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, and Steve Jobs, of the Apple Corporation. However, it was IBM that won the race to producing the first personal computer. IBM introduced the first personal computer PC in August of 1991 (History of the PC). â€Å"The first PC was good but not spectacular (History of the PC). However, IBM used many third party developers and companies, which helped, make the IBM the preferred PC. The first PC ran off of Microsoft Dos operating system. This made the IBM easier to add features to, but also made it easier for other companies to come up with their own versions of the PC. Microsoft was not exclusive to IBM allowing room for competitors. Competition came from all different kinds of computer

Plato’s Theory of The Soul in The Republic Essay - 1755 Words

Plato’s Republic introduces a multitude of important and interesting concepts, of topics ranging from music, to gender equality, to political regime. For this reason, many philosophers and scholars still look back to The Republic in spite of its age. Yet one part that stands out in particular is Plato’s discussion of the soul in the fourth book of the Republic. Not only is this section interesting, but it was also extremely important for all proceeding moral philosophy, as Plato’s definition has been used ever since as a standard since then. Plato’s confabulation on the soul contains three main portions: defining each of the three parts and explanation of their functions, description of the interaction of the parts, and then how the the†¦show more content†¦For instance, consider an employee who has been assigned a project by his boss. The employee has been planning out the work he has to do, and has completed everything but one or two key parts, which can be left until the last night. However, on that night, the employee is invited by his friends to watch and tailgate for a football game, which he is lead to accept by council from his passions. This council, however, will also lead him to not complete the work project. On top of commonly being observed as at fault, the passions do not seem to have any apparent benefit either, as the appetite only directs one’s attention to his base needs, and not to higher pleasures or practices like the will and reason does. So, in the Platonic view, what is the worth of the appetite? Plato does not specifically enter the topic in his Republic, but the reader is able to come across a few conclusions from what is said. First, from all the time that Plato spends discussing and teaching about them, it is not likely (though still technically possible) for the passions to be a worthless part of the soul. Secondly, the fact the passions can be moderated by the other two parts of the soul (moderation like one restraining oneself from going to watch the football game in order finish the big project), seems to lead to the passions also being able to moderate the other two parts of the soul. An example of thisShow MoreRelatedPlatos View in Human Knowledge Essay examples1392 Words   |  6 PagesPlatos View in Human Knowledge Plato presents three different views about knowledge in Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus. In Menos case, Plato believes knowledge as something innate in us when we are born; in his later view, in Republic, Plato believes we perceive things and gain knowledge; and from the last view, in Theaetus, Plato believes knowledge is the combination of a true opinion and a rational opinion. Strangely enough, Platos views in Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus are similar,Read MoreThe Soul And Consciousness Of Revolutionary Politics1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe Soul and Consciousness of Revolutionary Politics Steven Umbrello Table of Contents I Introduction 3 II The Soul and the Essence 3 III Justice and Revolutionary Consciousness 5 IV Degeneration and Global Revolution (ideology) 6 V Psychology of Political Duty and Freedom 7 VI Conclusion 7 VII Bibliography 8 I In this short paper I will be comparing and contrasting the political psychologyRead MoreThe Tripartite Theory Of The Soul1196 Words   |  5 Pages2016 The Tripartite Theory of the Soul Plato’s theory of tripartite soul focuses on the nature of human psyche. In the Republic, Plato (using the character â€Å"Socrates† as his mouthpiece) introduces this theory and claims that the soul contains three constituent elements: the appetitive, the rational, and the spirited parts. These three separate elements of the soul are organized in a hierarchy with reason being the superior of the two and spirit being the most inferior (Republic 439d and 441a-b).Read MorePlato’s Republic and the Just War Theory Versus Humanitarian Intervention1044 Words   |  5 Pages† even if a vital national interest is not at stake. ² The just war theory and Plato’s Republic can both be used to justify the humanitarian intervention doctrine. Just war theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought. It is a set of conditions under which a resort to war is morally legitimate, also known as jus ad bellum. It also contains rules for the moral conduct of war, known as jus in bello. The theory is intended to prevent wars by showing that going to war except inRead MoreThe Ethical Egoist: Whats the Problem in Plato’s The Republic, Socrates824 Words   |  3 PagesIn Plato’s The Republic, Socrates tries to explain the value of justice to man. Other educated Athenians challenge him, however Socrates pokes holes in all of their statements. Socrates argues that there are many problems with their views on social philosophy, especially when it comes to Thrasymachus’ idea of ethical egoism. Plato delivers his view of justice through Socrates when he responds to Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Cephalus on the issue. Throughout the discussion, Plato never argues againstRead MorePlatos Moral Theory Ess ay1747 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Plato’s Republic was introduced in my coursework, I approached this book just like other books that I have read. But the Republic is not written like a typical textbook, but rather, like a living conversation. And like most conversations, it develops important ideas to improve our lives. As you read this book, you notice a main idea that Plato is trying to convey: why a person should bother to be good. But in order to be good, the Republic opens with asking the reader what is justice. 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As communicated through Socrates, Plato believed in the appointment of only a few citizens of the just city that possess a soul that craves all truth, knowledge, wisdom, and through proper education are competent enough to rule the just state and to decide on legislative policies. In my paper, I will be arguing against Plato’s political theory of who is best fit to be chosenRead MorePlatos Soul and the Homunculus Problem1745 Words   |  7 PagesPlato’s Theory of Soul and The Homunculus Problem Rebecca Vinci Plato’s theory of the soul and the Homunculus theory of human cognition are two distinct theories that both allude to the concept of a mind having smaller parts within it that are assigned to certain tasks and each responsible for the function of a certain cognitive capacity which, together, explain some aspect of the functioning of the whole Both theories use this cognitivist concept as an attempt to explain the complexity of the humanRead MoreGreek Philosophy And The Greek Creation1593 Words   |  7 Pagesbut faithfully continued and adapted his (Socrates) philosophical traditions, and ideas to create a comprehensive political system. Socrates death sentence and disillusionment caused Plato to turn to a life of philosophical reflections and writing. 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You re Ugly By Toni Morrison Essay - 1888 Words

What makes an interesting and impactful novel often revolves around conflict, obstacles, and adversity and how the characters within the fictional universe cope with or triumph over these challenges. The manner in which characters choose to interact with adversity in their own ways enlightens who they are as a character and can help illuminate the meaning of the work as a whole. The character of Sula in Sula by Toni Morrison as well as the character of Zoe in Lorrie Moore’s You’re Ugly, Too both face the adversity of isolation through sexual and social rejection, but they handle it in radically different ways. Sula challenges this adversity by facing it directly, experiencing and therefore empathizing with and respecting the possessive relationship she is trying to avoid. Conversely, Zoe deals with this adversity in the same way she always has, barricading herself from growing as a character. Through their interactions in the face of their own adversities, these charact ers reveal a central message that dropping what is expected of one’s self sexually will eliminate isolation and perhaps lead to a healthy relationship. A large source of adversity that both Sula and Zoe face is sexual failures, which leads to social and societal rejection. In Sula, Sula is characterized by her lack of adherence to conventional sexual norms. She subscribes to a personal philosophy that she must be free, that a monogamous relationship is boring and restricting and she must reject that to remainShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye Revision Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesBluest Eye Revision In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison shows that one’s family determines a character’s feeling of self-worth. According to Morrison, the world is teaching little black girls that they are not beautiful and unworthy of love. 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Pecola and Celie’sRead MoreThe True Meaning Of Madness2862 Words   |  12 Pagesself-critical attitude that differentiates her from her friends which seem content with what they have achieved. None of the other characters ever seem to have a worry in the world and when they do they sweep it under the rug as if it were nothing. They re self-absorbed in their own way, preoccupied with conquering life or material comfort. None of the other characters really seem to question the world around them or their plac e in it, with the exception of Buddy and Joan at the very end of the novelRead MoreManifest Destiny and Race4652 Words   |  19 Pagesrevolution saw the ousting of the Catholic King James II and the ascendancy of William III to the English throne with his wife Mary II. In 1689 a â€Å"Bill of Rights† was passed by Parliament denouncing the endeavors of James the II to invade the law and re-instating the ancient rights and liberties of Parliament and the King’s subjects (Glorious). 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I found her a fine woman, in the style of Blanche Ingram: tall, dark, and majestic† (352). Ugly (probably due to her animalistic qualities and her insanity) â€Å"In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards. What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell: it grovelled, seemingly

Standard Costing and Variance Analysis Formulas free essay sample

This is a collection of variance formulas / equations which can help you calculate variances for direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. 1. Direct materials variances formulas 2. Direct labor variances formulas 3. Factory overhead variances formulas Direct Materials Variances: Materials purchase price variance Formula: Materials purchase price variance = (Actual quantity purchased ? Actual price) – (Actual quantity purchased ? Standard price) Materials price usage variance formula Materials price usage variance = (Actual quantity used ? Actual price) – (Actual quantity used ? Standard price) materials quantity / usage variance formula Materials price usage variance = (Actual quantity used ? Standard price) – (Standard quantity allowed ? Standard price) Materials mix variance formula Actual quantities at individual standard materials costs) –Â   (Actual quantities at weighted average of standard materials costs) Materials yield variance formula (Actual quantities at weighted average of standard materials costs) –Â   (Actual output quantity at standard materials cost) Direct Labor Variances: Direct labor rate / price variance formula: (Actual hours worked ? Actual rate) – (Actual hours worked ? Standard rate) Direc t labor efficiency / usage / quantity formula: (Actual hours worked ? Standard rate) – (Standard hours allowed ? Standard rate) Direct labor yield variance formula: (Standard hours allowed for expected output ? Standard labor rate) – (Standard hours allowed for actual output ? Standard labor rate) Factory Overhead Variances: Factory overhead controllable variance formula: (Actual factory overhead) – (Budgeted allowance based on standard hours allowed*) Factory overhead volume variance: (Budgeted allowance based on standard hours allowed*) – (Factory overhead applied or charged to production**) Factory overhead spending variance: Actual factory overhead) – (Budgeted allowance based on actual hours worked***)

Outline of the Rwandan Genocide Essay Example

Outline of the Rwandan Genocide Paper Outline of the Rwandan Genocide: Draft Introduction Rwanda is a small land-locked nation, about 26,338 square kilometres in size, bordered by Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. Though mainly flat, the country has a large mountain range on its northwest coast – the Virunga Mountains – that are home to the famous Rwandan Mountain Gorillas. In 1994, this seemingly insignificant country put itself on the world map, but for all the wrong reasons. Over a period of just one hundred days, over 800,000 Rwandans were killed in one of the worst genocides of the 20th Century. Tutsis and their Hutu supporters (the two ethnic groups in Rwanda) were massacred by Hutu militias, who encouraged ordinary citizens to kill their Tutsi neighbours. Between April and July 1994, while Europe and America looked on, this African nation was plunged into a state of severe panic and fear. Ethnic Tension: Tutsis and Hutus Though considered two different ethnic groups, the Tutsis and Hutus speak the same language, inhabit the same regions, have the same customs and traditions, and have intermarried for generations. In fact, there are very little physical differences between the two groups at all. In 1916 when Belgian colonists arrived in Rwanda, they distinguished between the two groups and consequently began to treat them differently. They believed that the minority Tutsis were superior and offered them better jobs and education, leading to ethnic tension. It is believed by some historians that the two were never defined by ethnicity, but by class or caste. Traditionally, the Hutu herded cattle and grew crops, whereas the Tutsi herdsmen became the landowners, a leading position that may have led to the belief held by the Belgians. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline of the Rwandan Genocide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outline of the Rwandan Genocide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outline of the Rwandan Genocide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ethnic tension grew, culminating with the loss of over 100,000 Tutsis during a Hutu rebellion from 1956 to 1959. During the early sixties, after independence was achieved in 1962, hundreds of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighbouring countries and were refused return by the Hutu governments. The desire to return to their homeland led to the formation of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) by Tutsi exiles in Uganda. Build Up to Genocide In 1973, Major General Juvenal Habyarimana, a northern Hutu, seized power in Rwanda. He attempted to overcome ethnic divisions, but failed due to the introduction of several anti-Tutsi measures such as their exclusion from secondary schools and universities. Discontent increased among the Rwandan people as many became impatient with the governments corrupt favouritism to northern Hutus. The post-1987 collapse of international coffee prices led to a severe economic decline in Rwanda, as coffee was their main exporter. These factors led to the 1990 Civil War, when the RPF invaded and fought against Habyarimana’s regime. In March 1992, a Transitional Coalition Government was formed, a cease-fire declared, a peace accord signed by Habyarimana and the RPF invasion halted with the assistance of the French military. Rwanda’s problems were not over however, and on April 6th 1994 a plane flying over Kigali (the nation’s capital), carrying Habyarimana and the president of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira (also a Hutu), was shot down. Both men were killed. The Genocide Almost immediately political opponents of Habyarimana were murdered and the Akuza (Presidential Guard) launched a campaign of mass slaughter. Military officials, businessmen and politicians began organizing massacres. The Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (a private radio station) called publicly for Tutsis to be killed wherever possible. Most killings were carried out by two unofficial all-Hutu militia groups – the Interahamwe (National Revolutionary Movement for Development) and the Impuzamugambi (Coalition for the Defense of Freedom). At its peak, the Interahamwe had 30,000 members united by a commitment to wiping out the Tutsis. As well as Tutsis of all ages and backgrounds, Hutus who supported ethnic reconciliation were also targeted. Public massacres (in churches, for example) were common and carried out almost entirely by hand, using clubs, machetes, sticks, axes and spears. Ordinary Hutu citizens were forced to kill their Tutsi neighbours – often people whom they had lived beside for many years and befriended. In the country, Hutu chiefs prepared â€Å"death lists† of local Tutsis, rounded up victims and made suitable sites available for massacres. Reaction: The Rwandan Patriotic Front In defense to this ruthless killing, the 14,000-man Tutsi-dominated RPF launched an offensive against the killers. Finally, in mid-July, they defeated the 35,000-man army and the militias, drove the remnants of the army and government into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), and took control of the capital Kigali, declaring a ceasefire. United Nations aid workers and troops arrived to maintain order and bring back basic services. A multi-ethnic government took power, led by Hutu President Pasteur Bizimunga, Hutu Prime Minister Faustin Twagiramunga, and Tutsi Vice President/Minister of Defense Major General Paul Kagame, commander of the RPF. Most other cabinet posts were given to members of the RPF. After the Genocide: Refugees and International Support Following the end of the genocide in July and August 1994, two million Hutu civilians fled, joining one million already in exile. In Zaire, the destination of most refugees, sick and starving Hutu exiles were dying at an appalling rate of 2000 per day. The government encouraged them to return to the food, water and relative safety waiting for them in Rwanda, but fears spread by former government troops that Hutus would be prosecuted on return prevent many from going home. Genocide Trials did not start until the end of 1996 when many had eventually returned, but are still expected to take years to complete. In 1999, more than 120,000 citizen accused of involvement in the genocide were packed into overcrowded jails. Rwanda is still suffering because of the genocide fourteen years ago. Genocide trials are still under way and the government is gradually trying to improve living standards in their country. Families are still struggling with the loss of so many friends and relatives; one tenth of Rwanda’s population (800. 000 out of 8,000,000) was killed in just those one hundred days. One of the main issues still in debate today is the lack of action of the international community. Over 2500 UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda) agents had been stationed in the country since 1993, but all but 270 were withdrawn shortly after the start of the genocide. The UN refused to call the events â€Å"genocide†, as that would have obliged the UN and USA to send officials to stop the massacres. French, Belgian and Americans citizens were speedily removed from Rwanda, but claims that they were forbidden to intervene caused no assistance to be given to locals. In 1998, US president Bill Clinton issued an apology on behalf of the international community that not enough was done, and not quickly enough, to help the Rwandan people and to stop the genocide, which was what it should have been called from the start. Timeline: Important Events in the Genocide 6 April 1994: President Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira are killed the plane they are in is shot down above Kigali. Hutu extremists opposed to their President signing the Arusha Peace Accords are believed to be behind the attack. April: The Rwandan armed forces and Interahamwe militia begin the systematic killing of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. UN forces stationed in Rwanda find themselves unable to intervene due to a â€Å"monitoring† mandate. 8 April: The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) launches a major offensive to end the killings. 9-10 April: French, Belgian and American civilians are rescued by their governments, but no help is given to native Rwandans. 11 Apr il: The International Red Cross (IRC) estimate: tens of thousands dead. UN soldiers protecting 2,000 Tutsis at a school are ordered to withdraw to Kigali airport. Most Tutsis are killed after their departure. 14 April: Belgium withdraws its troops from the UN peacekeeping force in Rwanda due to the death of 10 troops in the previous week. 15 April: Slaughter of thousands of Tutsis gathered at Nyarubuye Church seeking protection. 21 April: The UN cuts the level of its forces in Rwanda from 2500 to just 270 troops. IRC estimate: over 100,000 dead. 30 April: The UN condemns the killing but omits the word genocide so that emergency genocide assistance doesn’t need to be given. Tens of thousands of refugees flee into neighbouring Burundi, Tanzania and Zaire. Mid-May: IRC estimate: 500,000 dead. 17 May: The UN Security Council says that acts of genocide may have been committed. It agrees to send 5,500 troops with to defend civilians, however deployment is delayed by disagreements between the US and UN over the financing of the operation. Trivial arguments include what colour to paint vehicles. 22 June: With arguments over the deployment still continuing, the UN authorises an emergency force of 2,500 French troops under Operation Turquoise to create a safe area in the government-controlled south-west part of Rwanda. The killing of Tutsis continues in the safe area despite the presence of the French. 4 July: The RPF takes control of Kigali and the southern town of Butare. 13-14 July: Refugees fleeing the RPF flood into Zaire. Approximately 10,000-12,000 refugees per hour cross the border into the town of Goma. There is a severe lack of food, water and shelter in refugee camps. 18 July: The RPF announces that the war is over, declares a cease-fire and names Pastor Bizimungu as president with Faustin Twagiramungu as prime minister and Paul Kagame (commander of the RPF) as Vice President/Minister of Defence. August: It is reported that approximately 2000 Hutu refugees in Zaire are dying every day due to inadequate living conditions. The newly instated Rwandan government is pleading for their return to food, water and relative safety in Rwanda. However, former government troops involved in genocide organisation convince innocent Hutu refugees that the Tutsis will arrest them on return to Rwanda. November: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is established by the UN Security Council to try those convicted of genocide involvement. Timeline adapted from: BBC6/04/04, â€Å"Timeline: 100 days of genocide† , 29/08/08, http://news. bc. co. uk/1/hi/world/africa/3580247. stm BIBLIOGRAPHY BBC, 1/04/04, â€Å"Rwanda: How the genocide happened†, 16/08/08, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/africa/1288230. stm BBC, 30/03/04, â€Å"When good men do nothing†, 16/08/08, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3577575. stm WGBH Educational Foundation, 2008, â€Å"100 Days of Slaughter – A Chronology of U. S. /U. N. Actions†, 16/08/08, http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughter. html Ramsey, J. , â€Å"Global Studies: Africa†, Dushkin/McGraw Hill, Connecticut Peace Pledge Union, N/D, â€Å"Rwanda 1994†, 20/08/08, http://www. ppu. org. k/genocide/g_rwanda. html Cable News Network, Inc. , 1998, â€Å"Rwanda plumbs unanswered questions of 1994 genocide†, 25/08/08, http://edition. cnn. com/WORLD/africa/9804/07/rwanda/index. html Nouvel Observateur, 2006, â€Å"BBCs Stephen Sackur talks to Rwandas president, Paul Kagame on 7 December 2006†, 25/08/08, http://www. olny. nl/RWANDA/Lu_Pour_Vous/Dossier_Special_Habyarimana/Interview_Kagame_BBC_Hard_Talk_07_12_2006_FR. html Covert Action, N/D, â€Å"Genocide in Rwanda†, 25/08/08, http://mediafilter. org/caq/caq52rwanda. html Stanton, G. , 1998, â€Å"The 8 Stages of Genocide†, 27/08/08, http://www. genocidewatch. rg/8stages. htm Unit ed Human Rights Council, N/D, â€Å"Genocide in Rwanda†, 28/08/08, http://www. unitedhumanrights. org/Genocide/genocide_in_rwanda. htm Gendercide Watch, 2002, â€Å"Case Study: Genocide in Rwanda, 1994†, 28/08/08, http://www. gendercide. org/favicon. ico CATO Institute, 27/03/07, â€Å"REAL ID, the race card†, 31/08/08, http://www. cato-at-liberty. org/2007/03/27/real-id-the-race-card/ Johnson, J. , 30/04/07, â€Å"Politics, Theory and Photography†, 31/08/08, http://politicstheoryphotography. blogspot. com/2007_04_01_archive. html BBC, 4/04/04, Massacre at Nyarubuye Church†, 31/08/08, http://news. bc. co. uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/rwanda/default. stm Rotburg, I. , 2005, â€Å"Rwanda†, Mason Crest Publishers, Jordan Keane, F. , 1996, â€Å"Season of Blood†, Penguin Books, England Melvern, L. , 2004, â€Å"Conspiracy to Murder†, Verso, London Washington College of Law, N/D, â€Å"Group One: The Hutus and Tutsis†, 1/09/08, http://www. wcl. american. edu/humright/center/rwanda/jigsaw1. pdf? rd=1 Dallaire, R. , 2004, â€Å"Shake Hands With the Devil†, Arrow Books, London Allen, T. , Winter 2002, â€Å"General Romeo Dallaire – United Nations/Canada†, 4/09/08, http://www. thirdworldtraveler. com/Heroes/Gen_Romeo_Dallaire. html

Water Boarding Essays

Water Boarding Essays Water Boarding Essay Water Boarding Essay Legality of Water-boarding Water-boarding has been an active torture for centuries, Dating back to the early 1700s. It is a preferred torture because it does not scar the body. It simply gives the prisoner the feeling of drowning. This technique was introduced into the U. S by the Philippines, that they had colonized during WWII. Americans were shocked by the efficiency of information it was producing from prisoners. The public soon found out and began to question what they believed was a inhumane technique. The obstacles that the public presents for legalizing water-boarding is that is a inhumane torture nd should not be done to anyone no matter the severity of the crime committed. The other important issue that the public addresses is the certainty of the suspects. The issue is that why torture a possible innocent suspect that severe. Some say that water-boarding is an ineffective method of torture. All of these claims are false. Despite the violation of rights of the accused, the legal torture of prisoners through effective and efficient Water-boarding techniques will provide for the safety of national security. The obstacle involving the inhumanity of water-boarding is weak arguing point gainst the legalization of it. Inhumane would be to kill or leave marks on the body. Water-boarding does no such thing and still produces bountiful amounts of information that will in turn help save many innocent lives. When we get into the whole area of one of the most controversial techniques, waterboarding. Three people were waterboarded † not dozens, not hundreds. Three. And the one who was subjected most often to that was Khalid Sheik Mohammad and it produced phenomenal results for us (Armbruster). The quote explains Dick Cheneys trips to ater-boarding trials. He explains how water-boarding will break a terrorists will and they will give us vital information regarding national security. Water-boarding is like using paintballs, they hurt but do not kill you (Miller). Water-boarding is not an inhumane torture and should be legalized because of its effectiveness. The information water boarding provides us with regards to national security is considered to be gathered at a high rate because of its effectiveness. The public issue of certainty of the accused is a risk America will Just have to take. Would you ather have a suspected terrorist or your family tortured? (Armbruster). Armbruster brings a valid point by saying that America is taking risks to protect families across the nation. After 9/1 1, America had captured a suspect in the hijacking. When the CIA used the water-boarding technique on al-Qaida operative and supposed 9/1 1 mastermind Khalid Sheik Mohammed, he reportedly lasted 14 seconds before confessing to everything of which he was accused (Layton). The week long disaster of 9/1 1 was resolved in 14 seconds. Not only did Khalid Sheik Mohammed confess but e gave the names of many more terrorists in the organization. Also from Mohammeds confessions, the United States was able to prevent many more attacks on U. S soil. The enhanced interrogation program stopped a great many 9/11-like collected then, that itemizes the specific attacks that were stopped by virtue of what we learned through those programs (Thompson). Officials in the Bush Administration maintain that the intelligence wrung from terror detainee Abu Zubaydah led to the capture of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed † the self-proclaimed architect of the 9/1 1 attacks. His capture, in turn, helped prevent future terror strikes. He is careful to add † thwarted more than 20 plots against U. S. infrastructure targets, including communications nodes, nuclear power plants, dams, bridges, and tunnels. A future airborne attack on Americas West Coast was likely foiled only because the CIA didnt have to treat KSM like a white collar criminal (Thompson). The evidence water boarding provides the CIA is unreal and does provide for the safety of families across America; Therefore water boarding should be legalized. Armbruster, Ben. What Is Water Boarding? HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, n. d. Layton, Julia. What Is Water Boarding? HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, n. d. Web. 31 May 2013. Miller, Greg. Waterboarding Is Still an Option. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 07 Feb. 2008. web. 31 May 2013. Stack, Liam. Is Waterboarding Effective? CIA Did It 266 times on Two Prisoners. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 20 Apr. 2009. Web. 31 May 2013. Thompson, Mark. Did Waterboarding Prevent Terrorism Attacks? Time US. CNN, 21 Apr. 2009. web. 20 May 2013.

Fallacious reasoning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fallacious reasoning - Assignment Example The most common fallacies in advertisements are appeal to emotions and ad hominem. In the ad hominem fallacy, the reasoning attacks the person rather than the issue at hand while in the appeal to emotions, the reasoning manipulates the emotions of the listeners in order to get their emotions (Carey, 2000).. Consider an advertisement during the Super Bowl Commercials 2012 in which David Beckham advertises H & M’s underwear (Hall, 2012). No one can dispute the effectiveness of the advert because it is perfect and provokes the market for the product. The advert employs fallacious reasoning through playing with the emotions of the listeners and viewers. The company employs the fallacy appealing to emotions. The company exploits the fact that in most cases, females do the purchasing of males’ underwear garments. These are mothers, girlfriends, and wives. Beckham is highly loved and appreciated worldwide especially by females. He is a known figure in the world of soccer, hence has a following among the football fans (Hall, 2012). The fallacy here aims at capturing the emotions of the viewers, hence make them purchase the garment. The company reasons that the multitude’s love for Beckham will make them love the garment, which is not necessarily

The Impacts of Black Death in Europe Research Paper

The Impacts of Black Death in Europe - Research Paper Example Capitals, were the toughest hit by the epidemic, suffering a great loss of cultural institutions such as churches and schools. Universities and grade schools were closed and at most abandoned. This was because the institutions did not have enough students to go to class or because teachers were not enough to teach the classes. For instance, Cambridge University alone lost sixteen out of forty lecturers to the plague. Churches lost priests and many people worried that there would be not a single soul left to share testimonies or lead sermons. Bishops and their successors were not spared either. People started to question their values. The atmosphere changed from one of cooperation to an individualism idea. Self-indulgence and self-satisfaction became popular as the whole society started to question what to expect the following day, so people started living each day to the fullest (Gottfried 164). The people became hopeless with the Roman Church and its power, as a result, the churches ’ influence and power declined. They started to question the Roman Catholic beliefs and faith, and God too. The priests had always taught the human race was chosen by God, but at that particular time, they wondered why God was not saving them.Education and religion systems had been brought to a standstill. An aspect of the community that was not as significantly affected by the plague as a culture was politics. The plague did not highly affect the course of politics, but it still had its share.

Is Community Policing Effective?

Is Community Policing Effective? AN ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY POLICING: IS COMMUNITY POLICING AN EFFECTIVE PRACTICE? ABSTRACT Community Policing is a relatively new policing practice that focuses on reducing the crime rate in an area by creating cooperation and trust between citizens and police. The question that comes into play regarding this is whether or not community policing is an effective practice. To answer this question, a study will be conducted where community policing is implemented in a big city for a span of 2 years. All of the citizens and police officers of all ages and both sex’s will be the research participants. Data will be collected by comparing the crime rates from the beginning of the study to the end of the study, along with comparison between the data every 2 months as well. The results will be analyzed by looking at whether or not there were any changes in the crime rates as well as the amount of cooperation by citizens. If there was a decrease in the crime rate then that will determine that community policing is in fact an effective community policing practice that is worth its extra cost. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION The criminal Justice field is currently in a time where new and innovative policing practices are being used in police departments across America. One of these practices being implemented nationwide is community policing. Community policing spans a broad range of programs from neighborhood newsletters and neighborhood substations to foot patrol and neighborhood watch (Welsburd, Lum, 2013). Community Policing’s main focus is to create stronger alliances between police and the community. The goals of community policing are to help reduce citizen fear of crime, improve police-community relations, facilitate more effective responses to community problems, and lower the overall amount of crimes committed (â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1). When evaluating the community policing practices there is always the question of whether or not the practice is effective and should continue to be implemented in police departments. Community Policing is an effective practice that is supported by different studies and statistics that have been conducted and released regarding this police practice. (Telep, Weisburd, 2011) The effectiveness of community policing is measured by examining a collection of strategies that are implemented in the practice. (Owusu-Bempah, 2010) Community Policing practices has had great results in cities such as Chicago where the practice has been implemented in several neighborhoods (Eig, 2002). By determining the effectiveness of community policing it determines whether or not this practice is worth being implemented by police departments throughout America. LITERATURE REVIEW Welsburd and Lum (2013) describe how Charlotte Gill and colleagues conducted a study on the impact of community policing. The study showed how community policing led to significant positive benefits for citizen satisfaction, perceived disorder, and police legitimacy. In the end of the article Bennett and colleagues looked at the effectiveness of neighborhood watch programs, which is related to community policing. They found that a neighborhood watch program does in fact lead to a substantial â€Å"crime reduction.† (Para. 10) These authors focus more on the positive aspects of community policing and do not describe much in the way of negatives regarding this policing practice. Community policing involves strengthening the relationship between police officers and citizens in the community. â€Å"Community Policing† (n.d) describes how Goldstein describes that officers working closely with members in the community have greater independence with making decisions, have positive feelings toward citizens, and have greater job satisfaction. One survey conducted on patrol officers showed 98 percent of officers agreed that â€Å"assisting citizens† is just as essential as â€Å"enforcing law.† (Para. 6) The authors focused on describing officer opinion on community policing and positive affects it has had. Community Service is an essential aspect of community policing that strengthens Citizens Corporation and trust. â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics† (n.d) describes how Offering youth education and coordinating community outreach efforts are effective methods in community policing that have been utilized. The study focused on implementing a greater use of foot and bicycle patrols and frequent meetings with community groups. The LEMAS survey conducted in 2003 revealed 58% of all departments, employing 82% of officers, and utilized full-time community policing officers during 2003. All Together, there were about 54,800 local police officers assigned as community police officers. These authors provide data on how community policing is becoming a more widespread policing practice due to its effectiveness. Community Policing has proved to be effective in communities throughout America such as Chicago. Jonathon Eig (2002) describes the community policing practice in Chicago which focuses on more than just foot patrols. Citizens form a positive relationship with police officers which make them believe they have a role in solving the neighborhoods problems. The study describes how in Chicago when a suspect resisted arrest and began punching the officer, neighborhood gang members rushed to her defense and helped subdue the man. (2002) after the implementation of community policing Chicago communities have experienced falling crime rates and a growing sense of safety in many neighborhoods. Fayetteville Minneapolis implemented a community policing strategy to reduce violent crime plaguing the city. Greg Barnes (2014) describes that violent crime among juveniles has fallen dramatically after using community policing. The study showed from 2006 to 2012 gun crimes involving youth dropped by 57 percent and gun crimes dropped by 67 percent. Youths were 39 percent less likely to be shot and 60 percent less likely to be murdered. Fayetteville Police departments hired more police officers to patrol streets and the department upgraded crime-fighting-technology. The study stated that in 2013 there were about 600 fewer home breaks ins. Fayetteville shows how community policing is effective at reducing crime and violence in the community. Community policing is implemented to help curb the rise in violence throughout communities. Akwasi Owusu-Bempah (2010) describes how officers must be actively engaged in efforts to enhance the community safety themselves while using assistance from citizens. Through knowledge-sharing with members of the community, patrol officers become most knowledgeable about the needs and strengths of their communities. The study showed during the six years after the project began (from 1995 through 2000) the number of homicides in Atlanta decreased by 27 per cent. The author describes the positives of community policing and the data that supports this. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Authors have stated that Community Policing is a relatively new practice in law enforcement that involves a variety of programs which can vary depending on the police department. ( Telep, Weisburd, 2011; â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1; Welsburd, Lum, 2013; Owusu-Bempah, 2010) However there is a limited amount of data that determine if community policing practice is worth for departments to utilize. This means it is unclear whether community policing is an effective practice in regards to reducing crime. METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS The methodology is broken down into separate main focuses, the research participants, research design, and the procedure. The research that will be conducted is study of how a community policing program is an effective policing practice. The study will involve implementing a community policing program in a high crime city and seeing what effect it has over a 2 year span. The study’s participants will be split up into two separate groups. The first group will be composed of any citizen living in the city that has implemented a community policing policy. The city for this study is in New Haven Connecticut, which means everyone living in the city limits of New Haven will be the research participants. Their demographic will involve citizens of all ages and both male and females. The second group is composed of all the New Haven police officers assigned to areas throughout New Haven where they will utilize a community policing strategy. Their demographic will involve police officers of all ages and both male and female officers. My design/procedure involves experimentation which will show if community policing is an effective practice. The experiment will involve implementing a community policing practice in New Haven for 2 years. The city will need to hire more officers to actively patrol one specific neighborhood their entire shift. To determine if the practice was successful it will be measured by, whether or not the crime rate decreased with a community policing practice in place. The initial crime rate will be determined by the numbers of various major crimes committed the year before community policing was implemented such as murders, homicides, robbery’s, larceny’s, assaults, and grand theft auto. Next the study will involve increasing the number of cops on patrol and their interaction with citizens in the specific areas they are assigned too. Things that will be measured are whether or not corporation between police and citizens of the city has gone up. Another aspect measured is the ri se in annual police department costs since the community policing practice was put into place. Lastly to measure the practices success during the 2 year span you compare the number of crimes committed every 2 months throughout the duration of the study. Then once the two years is finally done compare the number of crimes that occurred before the start of the study to the number of crimes that occurred at the end of the study to see if the policing practice was in fact effective. For community policing to be deemed effective the data compared will show a drop in the crime rate. Lastly effectiveness will also be based on the cost of the practice compared to the results of the implementation of community policing. DISCUSSION Law enforcement agencies throughout the country are always looking for a solution to lower the rise in number of crimes committed. In the past law enforcement typically involved a disconnect between citizen’s and police officers. However with new policing practices like community policing the disconnect is able to be reduced by police advocating cooperation between citizens and police. Citizens are given the opportunity to be directly involved with keeping their own neighborhood safe by working with police by providing information such as witness statements and possible leads. This also leads to police getting to know people in the community on a personal level and for citizens to view a cop as more than just a person with a badge and a gun. What this means is that community policing provides reasons for citizens to speak with police which will help deter criminals from committing crimes due to knowing that witnesses will cooperate. The importance of the study conducted is that it allows for other police departments to determine whether community policing might work well in their city. There is also a chance for departments already implementing the practice to determine whether they should continue or discontinue community policing. Implementing community policing comes at a rather high cost due to an increase in officers on patrol at once. By the study only being two years long it allows for a city to see first-hand results of the policing practice which will help determine if the effect on the crime rate outweighs the extra costs. Similar studies to this one have shown results that provide support for community policing being an effective policing practice. Chicago is a city that has already implemented community policing in their neighborhoods. One major is that the Chicago study involves community policing in specific neighborhoods with the most crime and poverty which is different from how the New Haven study involves the entire city. In the Chicago study neighborhoods saw a decrease in crimes especially those involved with drugs and gang violence. There was also increased police and citizen cooperation which led to citizens sharing a lot more valuable information to the police, due to how the police showed citizens they were in the community to help them keep the neighborhoods they live in safer. The Chicago study is able to provide support of how community policing will be able to help with reducing the similar issues of gang violence and drug related violence in New Haven which has in recent years seen a major rise in these issues. Even though the study in New Haven shows effective results there are limitations and problems that could possibly occur. A limitation is that realistically not all officers will be able to get citizens in their patrol area to cooperate with them. If this is the case the question that arises is whether it’s worth the extra costs to continue with community policing in the neighborhood for the full duration of the study. Also with a study over a 2 year span a lot can change, if an officer assigned to a neighborhood has to leave midway through the study, could lead to citizens no longer cooperating with the newly assigned officer in the same way they did with the prior officer. In order for the experiment to have validity it would require that every neighborhood has the same officer patrolling it the entire 2 yearlong study which is unrealistic in a large city like New Haven. The last possible problem is that community policing involves a variety of programs which means programs t hat led to successful a community policing outcome in one city might not have the same results in another city. CONCLUSION Community policing is one of the most recent law enforcement innovations with recent research suggesting that close to 100 percent of larger police agencies have implemented this practice. (Welsburd, Lum, 2013) The problem regarding community policing is determining whether or not it can be called an effective policing practice. The overall goals associated with this practice are fear reduction, increased citizen satisfaction with police, and the development of techniques which address the issues in the community. Community Policing’s overall concern is to create stronger alliances between police and the community which are a major factor in seeing crime rates in an area decrease. (â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1). (Quire, 1993) While community policing has its benefits there are also some issues with it such as the rise in police spending and an increased need for more officers on patrol at the same time. In the end the New Haven community policing study is ju st one of the many studies that provide support that it is in fact an effective policing practice. REFERENCES Welsburd, David, and Cynthia Lum. Community Policing and Procedural Justice.Center for EvidenceBased Crime Policy. 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://cebcp.org/evidence-based-policing/what-works-in-policing/research- evidence-review/community-policing/ Police: Community Policing The Theory And Practice Of Community Policing. Officers, Crime, Local, and Neighborhood. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. http://law.jrank.org/pages/1650/Police-Community-Policing-theory-practice- community-policing.html Telep, Cody, and David Weisburd. What Is Known about the Effectiveness of Police Practices? 1 Sept. 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/Telep_Weisburd.pdf Eig, Jonathan. Eyes on the Street: Community Policing in Chicago.The American Prospect. 17 May 2002. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://prospect.org/article/eyes-street- community-policing-chicago Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi. Review of the Roots of Youth Violence: Literature Reviews. Community Policing Strategie. 27 Apr. 2010. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/youthandthelaw/roots/volu me5/preventing03_community_polcing.aspx Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tptid=81 Barnes, Greg. Seeking Safety: A Blueprint for Reducing Youth Crime That Works :: WRAL.com.WRAL.com. 26 Oct. 2014. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.wral.com/seeking-safety-a-blueprint-for-reducing-youth-crime-that- works/14117413/ Quire, Donald. Models for Community Policing Evaluation: The St. Petersburg Experience. 1 Jan. 1993. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/getdoc/50e19742-07dd-4813-a850- 3248a9db71b5/Quire.aspx

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Necessary Madness of

The Necessary Madness of Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is a complex play, filled with layers of meaning. These are often revealed through the madness of the characters and the theme of madness throughout the play. Although Hamlet and Ophelia are the only characters thought to be so afflicted, the reactions of other characters to this madness mirrors their own preoccupations.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When one refers to madness in Hamlet, most would think of Hamlet's madness, or at least that that he was pretending to possess. Although Ophelia does go insane and ultimately commits suicide, the central lunacy of the play revolves around Hamlet himself. Hamlet's plan to act mad is completely unexplained. It is safe to assume that he is pretending to be mad so he can get away with saying and doing things that would not ordinarily be tolerated. Also, if people think that he was crazy, they would not pay any attention to him in his plot to kill Claudius and avenge his father's death. This plan backfires though, because his family and friends bend over backwards to find the cause of his madness.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every main character in Hamlet seems to have their own conjectures as to why Hamlet is acting so out of character. One obvious reason is the mourning of his father's death. In addition to this, though, they all have personal ideas of varying merit. Claudius thinks that Hamlet has some kind of secret cause for the sudden change in his personality. Gertrude believes that along with being upset about the death of his father, Hamlet is tormented by the fact that she married Claudius. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern believe that he is hurt, for his ambitions have been squashed. Not only does his uncle... ...thers. Ophelia's insanity is very different from Hamlet's and quite straightforward. She does not need to ponder very hard before she decidessuicide is a much better option than life has ever been.      The madness in Hamlet sets up nearly all of the play. The main character, Hamlet, is believed to be crazy by all, except Horatio who knows Hamlet's reasoning behind the insanity. All of the characters decide on their own guesses as to what is plaguing Hamlet. This is interesting because all of their hypotheses are based on the things that most worried them.    Sources Pennington, Michael. "Madness as the Only Safe Haven." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of "Hamlet": A User's Guide. New York: Limelight Editions, 1996. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Norton Critical Ed. New York: Norton. 1992.   

Functional Areas Of Business Essay

There has been an ongoing debate between enlisted members and commissioned officers of the United States Military about effective leadership and the scope of control. Enlisted Service Personnel are usually the worker bees, are not managerial in nature, with combat and field experience. Commissioned Officers are the leaders of the enlisted members. Commissioned Officers usually are the ones that can be personified as managers, with little to no field or combat experience. This debate stems from Commissioned Officers executing their managerial roles, how it affects the enlisted member, and how it effects the overall mission. Leadership, strategic planning, law, human resources management, will be utilized to analyze the role of a manager within the functional areas of business. Leadership Most employees will follow an effective leader if the manager exudes confidence, is not a hypocrite, and believes in the organization’s mission statement wholeheartedly. The adage, † If a manager has to claim to be a leader, it almost seems as though he or she is trying to convince themselves that they are a leader, instead of showing that the manager is capable of leading. Motivation, inspiration, and being levelheaded are great attributes in being a great leader. Managers do not have to be an efficient leader in order to get things done, however, they should know how to manage those effective and efficient leaders in order to see the project or mission through. Most effective leaders are effective by being prepared and knowledgeable with some strategic planning. Strategic Planning As the adhesive that was so meticulously put there to hold up that model ship which is encased in a glass bottle, there is a plethora of minutia detail that goes into planning. With regards to the military, it takes an almost insurmountable amount of planning just to execute even the smallest of missions. This component is imperative to have in the manager’s toolbox, in order to maintain the survivability of the organization. A person that fails to plan, he or she plans to fail. Managers have to stay on top of planning, even if it means that sometimes coming into the organization on weekends, or coming in earlier than their standard start time. The organization also depends deeply on the legal department to ensure that the organization will not fall privy to legal troubles. Read more:  Functional Areas Of Business Law There are legal boundaries that dictate what can or cannot take place in the business world. Businesses hire witty, educated, and self-starting legal individuals to interpret the laws. There is a ton of small laws that can get an organization in or out of legal calamity. It could be a zoning law issue, or a morality issue, or what is common with big organizations is an environment issue. Managers have to be cognizant and stay on top of these issues in order to be a successful manager. In order a successful manager, there have to be some exceptional employees. Those employees hire through Human Resources. Human Resources Management Filtering out among the mass applicant pool to hire the best employees that are most suited for the position, rectifying current employees pay if needed, ensuring equal opportunity to the employees are all components of what it means to be in the human resources department. Managers have a few components to deal with when it comes to human resources. According to an a Forbes’ article, administrative director at a law-firm wrote that she needed some advice. The administrator’s employee was pregnant and she wanted to find a way to fire her before the employee tells anyone. She further stated that the pregnant woman would cost the organization a temporary hire, adding that after the baby is born the pregnant woman is sure to miss work due to baby illness. (Ryan, 2014) Managers have to be aware that it is illegal to fire someone for pregnancy, and need to have the wherewithal to be firm, but understand that employees have a choice of motherhood as well as having a  career . Managers in human resources can sometimes be the epitome for the managers throughout the entire organization that set the tone for the organization. When a manager from human resources has to fire an individual, if they are not careful the methods that are used can be detrimental to the entire organization. If the manager calls, emails, or texts the individual that in two weeks time that the person will be fired or laid off, that individual now has time to sabotage, slack-off, give trade secrets to competitive organizations or do something physically harmful to himself or the people at the organization. If the manager tells the individual that is to be fired to come into the office and let’s discuss some of the options that a person may have face-to-face, makes that terminated employee somewhat at ease. The terminated employee will not have to tackle this daunting situation alone. Supply Management In order to stay relevant in business, managers understand that they must have quality products at a reasonable rate from their suppliers. However, when the rates are unreasonable, managers should seek out other suppliers that will accommodate the organization’s budget. â€Å"Mooney agrees that managers will usually be keen on a purchasing department that is good at finding savings. But, he warns, even this can be a double-edged sword, because they can be expected to be much less enthusiastic when it is their area of spend that is being touched upon.† (Wheatley, 2005) Managers have to be diligent and understand that the purchasing department, if not fully understood, can break the financial infrastructure of an organization. Conclusion Being a great leader will comprise of attributes such as not being temperamental, inspirational and having the ability to motivate. Being able to strategically plan has to be in the manager’s repertoire, in order to efficiently run the organization. Laws are meant to be interpreted by the legal team to ensure the organization does not end up in legal trouble. Human resource managers have to be careful with the way they handle terminating employees. Finding the best supplier with a quality product, for a reasonable price is what managers should reach for in order to have a thriving organization. References University of Phoenix. MBA Overview Module. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT/521 Website Wheatley, M. (2005, May). Supply Management. 10-11. Ryan, L. (2014, April). You Think Your Manager is Slimy? Check Out These Guys. Forbes, (), . Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/lizryan/2014/04/08/you-think-your-manager-is-slimy-check-out-these-guys/

The Difference Between Public Relations and Journalism

To understand the difference between journalism and public relations, consider the following scenario. Imagine that your college announces it is raising tuition (something many colleges are doing due to drops in government funding). The public relations office issues a press release about the increase. What do you imagine that release will say? Well, if your college is like most, it will probably stress how modest the increase is, and how the school still remains very affordable. Itll probably also talk about how the hike was absolutely necessary for the face of continuing funding cuts, and so on. The release may even have a quote or two from the president of the college saying how much he/she regrets having to pass the ever-increasing cost of running the place on to students and how the raise was kept as modest as possible. All of this may be perfectly true. But who do you think wont be quoted in the college press release? Students, of course. The people who will be affected most by the hike are the very ones who wont have a say. Why not? Because of students likely to say the increase is a horrible idea and will only make it more difficult for them to take classes there. That perspective doesnt do the institution any favors. How Journalists Approach a Story So if youre a  reporter for the student newspaper assigned to write an article about the tuition hike, whom should you interview? Obviously, you should talk to the college president and any of the other officials involved. You should also talk to students because the story isnt complete without interviewing the people who are most affected by the action being taken. That goes for tuition increases, or factory layoffs, or for anyone else whos ever been hurt by the actions of a large institution. Thats called getting both sides of the story. And therein lies the difference between public relations and journalism. Public relations is designed to put the most positive spin on anything done by an institution like a college, a company or a government agency. Its designed to make the entity look as wonderful as possible, even if the action being taken — the tuition increase — is anything but. Why Journalists Are Important Journalism isnt about making institutions or individuals look good or bad. Its about portraying them in a realistic light, good, bad or otherwise. So if the college does something good — for instance, offering free tuition to local people who have been laid off — then your coverage should reflect that. Its important for journalists to question those in power because thats part of our primary mission: to serve as a kind of adversarial watchdog keeping an eye on the activities of the powerful, to try and ensure that they dont abuse that power. Unfortunately, in recent years public relations has become more powerful and ubiquitous even as newsrooms across the country have laid off thousands of reporters. So while there are more and more PR agents (reporters call them flacks) pushing positive spin, there are fewer and fewer journalists there to challenge them. But thats why its more important than ever that they do their jobs, and do them well. Its simple: We are here, to tell the truth.